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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

13
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
13
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

8
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
8
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

52
Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
52
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

8
A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
8
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

7
Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this...
7
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

8
A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
8

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The vascular pathology in Japanese Encephalitis.

Preksha Jain1, Atanu Basu2

  • 1Dr D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. DY Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Maharastra 411043 Pune, India.

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Summary

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease. Endothelial cell dysfunction and blood-brain barrier breach are key to its neuroinflammation and neuroinvasion, impacting treatment strategies.

Keywords:
CytokinesJapanese encephalitis virusNeuroinflammationNeurovascular unitVascular endothelial cells

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a severe mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV).
  • The clinical spectrum of JE varies, with significant central nervous system pathology and sequelae observed in infants and young children.
  • The precise pathophysiology of JEV disease remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of endothelial cells and blood-brain barrier integrity in Japanese encephalitis pathogenesis.
  • To understand the neuroinflammatory, neuroinvasive, and neurotropic mechanisms underlying JEV disease.
  • To identify potential targets for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for JEV and related flaviviruses.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of human autopsy studies from fatal JE cases.
  • Inclusion of findings from relevant animal models.
  • Integration of in vitro experimental data.

Main Results:

  • Endothelial cell infection, activation, and dysfunction are implicated as critical events in JEV pathogenesis.
  • These cellular events significantly impact blood-brain barrier integrity.
  • Cytokines and immunopathologic triggers mediate these pathogenic processes.

Conclusions:

  • Endothelial cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis.
  • Understanding the complex interplay of neuroinflammation and neuroinvasion is crucial for developing effective interventions.
  • This knowledge can advance diagnostic and treatment strategies for JEV and other neurotropic flaviviruses.