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Related Concept Videos

Prescription, Nonprescription and Orphan Drugs01:02

Prescription, Nonprescription and Orphan Drugs

Prescription drugs require a prescription from a medical practitioner and can only be obtained from a pharmacy. They have many applications, including treating pain, anxiety, and hypertension.
The misuse and addiction to prescription drugs is a growing problem that can affect people of all age groups, specifically teenagers. This can happen when prescription medications are used in ways not intended by the prescriber, such as taking someone else's prescription or using medication for...
Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy01:26

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior
12:20

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

Published on: June 10, 2013

24.2K

Opioid stewardship program implementation in pediatric surgeries: A systematic review.

Ahmed H Mahmoud1, Rayan Muawad1, Plino S Ruiz1

  • 1Department of Pediatric Anesthesia, King Abdullah Specialist Children Hospital, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia
|April 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Opioid stewardship programs (OSPs) effectively reduce opioid prescribing in pediatric surgery without compromising pain control. These initiatives decrease risks of dependence and misuse in young patients.

Keywords:
Analgesiaanesthesiaopioidspain managementstewardship

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior
12:20

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

Published on: June 10, 2013

24.2K

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Pain Management
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Postoperative opioid use in children poses risks like dependence and misuse.
  • Opioid stewardship programs (OSPs) aim to improve prescribing and pain management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Evaluate the effectiveness of OSPs in pediatric surgery.
  • Assess OSP impact on opioid prescribing practices.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic search of multiple databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, etc.) for studies from 2011-2024.
  • Included RCTs, observational studies, and systematic reviews focusing on pediatric surgery OSPs.
  • Rigorous data extraction and risk of bias assessment by multiple reviewers.

Main Results:

  • Eighteen studies involving over 83,000 patients were analyzed.
  • Interventions included prescribing protocols, guidelines, and provider education.
  • Significant reduction in opioid prescribing rates (68.4% to 10.7%) with stable pain scores and reduced oversedation.

Conclusions:

  • Structured OSPs, including protocols and education, effectively reduce pediatric opioid use.
  • Multimodal pain strategies are key to preserving adequate pain control.
  • Further multicenter trials are needed to optimize OSP interventions and patient outcomes.