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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

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Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology01:10

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

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Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through...
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Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Gestational Obstructive Sleep Apnea: From Pathophysiological Mechanisms to Maternal-Fetal Outcomes.

Mohammed Al-Hamas1, Syedakhudajja Zoha2, Siti Abdulrahman2

  • 1Acute Internal Medicine, Hull York Medical School, Hull, GBR.

Cureus
|April 23, 2026
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Summary

Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy (OSA) poses risks to maternal health and fetal development. Early screening and tailored treatments like CPAP or MADs are crucial for managing this condition.

Keywords:
high-risk pregnancynon- invasive ventilationpregnancy induced hypertension (pih)pregnancy-related complicationsrisk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (osa)

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Pulmonology
  • Sleep Medicine

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) during pregnancy is a growing concern linked to maternal cardiovascular and metabolic issues, and adverse fetal outcomes.
  • Pregnancy-related physiological changes can worsen or reveal sleep-disordered breathing, increasing risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and maternal-fetal implications of OSA in pregnancy.
  • To discuss diagnostic strategies and evolving treatment approaches for gestational OSA.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing literature on obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy.
  • Emphasis is placed on risk-stratified screening, phenotype-guided therapy, and multidisciplinary management.

Main Results:

  • Gestational OSA is associated with hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes mellitus, cesarean delivery, and preterm birth.
  • Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the primary treatment for moderate to severe OSA; mandibular advancement devices (MADs) may be an alternative for mild cases.

Conclusions:

  • OSA in pregnancy requires careful diagnosis and management to mitigate maternal and fetal complications.
  • Multidisciplinary care and individualized treatment strategies, including CPAP and MADs, are essential throughout pregnancy and postpartum.