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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
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Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
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Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Altered small dense LDL profiles in long-standing controlled type 1 diabetes.

Helena Sardà1,2, Arnau Solé3,4,5, Cristina Colom1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Hospital Dos de Maig, Barcelona, Spain.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
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PubMed
Summary

Individuals with type 1 diabetes exhibit an atherogenic small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) profile, even with controlled blood sugar. This study reveals key lipid regulators contributing to sdLDL enrichment, suggesting improved cardiovascular risk assessment.

Keywords:
apolipoprotein C3cardiovascular disease riskcholesteryl ester transfer proteindirect assayhepatic lipasesmall dense LDL cholesteroltype 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Lipid Metabolism

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, independent of glycemic control.
  • The specific role of small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) and its regulatory factors in type 1 diabetes remains under-investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the characteristics of sdLDL and its associated lipid-modulating proteins in individuals with type 1 diabetes.
  • To explore the relationship between sdLDL parameters and key proteins like Apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3), hepatic lipase (HL), endothelial lipase (EL), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP).

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study analyzing plasma from 69 individuals with type 1 diabetes and 24 healthy controls.
  • Utilized homogeneous assays, NMR spectroscopy, and gradient gel electrophoresis to assess sdLDL-cholesterol (sdLDL-C), LDL size, and subclasses.
  • Measured ApoC3, HL, EL, and CETP activity using immunoturbidimetric, ELISA, and functional assays.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with type 1 diabetes showed significantly higher sdLDL-C, increased sdLDL-C/LDL-cholesterol ratio, and smaller LDL particle size compared to controls, despite adequate glycemic control (HbA1c 7.6%).
  • Elevated ApoC3 and HL levels, alongside reduced CETP activity, were observed in the type 1 diabetes group.
  • sdLDL-C positively correlated with ApoC3 and inversely with CETP activity.

Conclusions:

  • Long-standing type 1 diabetes is associated with an atherogenic sdLDL profile, even with controlled glycemia and near-normal lipid levels.
  • ApoC3, CETP, and HL significantly contribute to sdLDL enrichment in type 1 diabetes.
  • Direct assessment of sdLDL may enhance cardiovascular risk stratification in patients with type 1 diabetes.