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Related Concept Videos

Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Updated: Apr 24, 2026

A Method to Define the Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Colon Microbiome Biodiversity in a Mouse Colon Tumor Model
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Oral Microbiome and Constipation: A Causal Link Revealed by Mendelian Randomization.

Ziyi Zhao1, Jinlian Ling1, Jiashu Chen2

  • 1Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester UK.

JGH Open : an Open Access Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
|April 23, 2026
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Summary

This study explored the oral microbiome

Keywords:
Mendelian randomizationconstipationgut microbiotaoral microbiomeoral‐gut axis

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Human genetics
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Constipation affects over 15% of the global population.
  • The gut microbiome's role in constipation is known, but the oral microbiome's influence is unexplored.
  • Investigating the oral microbiome's causal link to constipation is crucial for understanding gastrointestinal health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential causal relationship between the oral microbiome and constipation.
  • To identify specific oral bacteria associated with constipation risk.
  • To explore the implications for gastrointestinal health management.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Mendelian randomization (MR) with large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) data.
  • Oral microbiome data from a metagenome-wide association study (mgGWAS) of 2984 individuals.
  • Constipation GWAS data from 176,629 samples in the Japan Biobank; employed IVW, weighted median, and MR-Egger regression.

Main Results:

  • Identified significant associations between specific oral bacteria and constipation.
  • Treponema denticola (saliva) showed a positive association with constipation risk (OR=3.961, p=0.037).
  • Neisseria sicca (tongue coating) was positively associated with constipation (OR=4.864, p=0.019), while Pauljensenia sp000308055 and Aggregatibacter segnis showed protective effects.

Conclusions:

  • This is the first study to explore the causal link between the oral microbiome and constipation.
  • Specific oral bacteria may influence constipation risk, warranting further mechanistic research.
  • Highlights the importance of considering both oral and gut microbiomes in gastrointestinal health.