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Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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Aqueous Processing of Mechanically Robust, Dense Films from Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Coacervates.

Brennan F Coleman1, Meng-Chen Chiang2, Nicholas M Thomas2

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Summary

This study developed strong, free-standing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly-(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) films using sustainable aqueous processing. These cationic biopolymer films exhibit intrinsic antimicrobial properties, showing potential for various applications.

Keywords:
antibacterialcellulosecoacervatefilmpolyelectrolytepolysaccharide

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Development of sustainable, high-performance films from natural and synthetic polymers is crucial for advanced applications.
  • Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) offer tunable properties but require optimized processing conditions.
  • Antimicrobial properties in materials are increasingly sought after for public health and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate free-standing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly-(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) films via all-aqueous processing.
  • To investigate the influence of salt concentration on polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) formation and film properties.
  • To evaluate the mechanical performance and antimicrobial activity of the fabricated CMC/PDADMAC films.

Main Methods:

  • Screening of CMC/PDADMAC complexation using turbidity measurements in the presence of NaCl or KBr.
  • Rheological testing to optimize PEC conditions for blade casting.
  • Aqueous phase separation (APS) for film formation, followed by SEM, DMA, and tensile testing for characterization.

Main Results:

  • Coacervation of CMC/PDADMAC required an excess of PDADMAC, resulting in positively charged complexes.
  • Films exhibited dense morphology and high Young's moduli (436–975 MPa), with salt concentration affecting surface stability and mechanical strength.
  • All CMC/PDADMAC films demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, inactivating approximately 50% of tested bacteria (E. coli, S. aureus).

Conclusions:

  • Sustainable all-aqueous processing enables the fabrication of robust, cationic biopolymer films from CMC and PDADMAC.
  • The inherent positive charge of the films confers contact-killing antimicrobial properties.
  • These films hold promise for applications in membranes, packaging, and antimicrobial coatings.