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Using 22C3 Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Concentrate on Biopsy and Cytology Samples from Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients
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Pd-L1 Expression in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinomas.

Aasma Nalwa1, Aarathi Visakhan1, Poonam Abhay Elhence1

  • 1Department of Pathology & Lab Medicine & Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan India.

Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology
|April 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression is high in Indian oral cancer patients, particularly in advanced stages. This suggests PD-L1 inhibitors may be effective immunotherapy, irrespective of HPV status.

Keywords:
Head and Neck cancerImmune checkpoint inhibitor therapySquamous cell carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is an immune checkpoint inhibitor crucial in T-cell regulation.
  • PD-L1 expression is a key area of research in various cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role and expression levels of PD-L1 in OSCC within the Indian population.
  • To explore the association between PD-L1 expression and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) status in Indian OSCC cases.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry was used to assess PD-L1 and p16 expression on OSCC resection specimens.
  • Combined Positive Score (CPS) was calculated for PD-L1, with CPS ≥ 20 defined as strong positive.
  • p16 positivity was defined by diffuse, strong nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in ≥ 70% of tumor cells.

Main Results:

  • PD-L1 expression was detected in 86.1% of the 188 studied cases, with 67.02% showing strong expression (CPS ≥ 20).
  • A significant correlation was found between higher PD-L1 expression and advanced tumor stages (T2-4) compared to early stages (T1) (p=0.014).
  • No significant associations were observed between PD-L1 expression and p16 positivity, lymph node metastasis, or tumor grade.

Conclusions:

  • High PD-L1 expression is prevalent in Indian OSCC patients, occurring in over 80% of cases irrespective of HPV status.
  • Targeted immunotherapy using PD-L1 inhibitors shows promise as an effective treatment strategy for Indian OSCC patients, especially those with advanced disease.