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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing the Detection of Low-Frequency Mutations in Cancer Tissues

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Published on: August 23, 2024

Autoimmune myelofibrosis with a TLR8 gain-of-function defect.

Shiqiang Qu^1,2,3, Peihong Zhang⁴, Zefeng Xu^1,2,3

¹State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.

Leukemia Research Reports

|April 23, 2026

Summary

A novel TLR8 mutation causing gain-of-function was identified in a patient with chronic neutropenia and oral ulcers. This finding links TLR8 gain-of-function (GOF) to autoimmune myelofibrosis (AIMF), expanding the known spectrum of TLR8-related disorders.

Area of Science:

Hematology
Immunology
Genetics

Background:

Chronic neutropenia and recurrent infections can be challenging to diagnose.
Behçet's disease is a potential diagnosis for oral ulcers and systemic inflammation.

Keywords:

Autoimmune myelofibrosis Behçet's disease TLR8 mutation

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