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Velocity-Dependent Stress Changes in the Hamstring Muscle-Tendon Complex: A Study Using Human Cadavers.

Gakuto Nakao¹, Kazuma Yamagata², Risa Adachi²

¹Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan, sapmed.ac.jp.

Translational Sports Medicine

|April 23, 2026

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This summary is machine-generated.

Muscle stress increases with elongation speed, potentially contributing to hamstring strain injuries during high-speed running. This study quantified hamstring muscle stress at various velocities using cadaveric specimens.

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Musculoskeletal injury

Background:

Hamstring strain injuries are common in athletes, particularly during activities involving rapid muscle elongation.
Muscle viscoelasticity suggests that the rate of stretching influences the forces experienced by the muscle.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how different elongation velocities affect the stress within individual hamstring muscles.
To understand the relationship between strain rate and muscle stress in the biceps femoris long head, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus.

Main Methods:

Utilized seven Thiel-embalmed cadaveric lower limbs to isolate hamstring muscles.
Passively elongated isolated hamstring muscles to 10% strain at velocities ranging from 20 to 300 mm/min.
Measured tensile load and displacement, and calculated stress using ultrasound-determined muscle cross-sectional area.

Keywords:

mechanical properties muscle strain stress–strain curve

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Main Results:

Both muscle type and elongation velocity had significant effects on muscle stress.
Muscle stress increased significantly with increasing elongation velocity, from 44.6 kPa at 20 mm/min to 61.1 kPa at 300 mm/min.
No significant interaction was found between muscle type and velocity on stress.

Conclusions:

Hamstring muscle stress is velocity-dependent, rising as elongation speed increases.
This velocity-dependent stress may be a contributing factor to hamstring strain injuries during high-speed movements.
Findings are based on cadaveric models and may differ from in vivo conditions due to lower tested velocities.