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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

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The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
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Complexation Equilibria: Overview01:23

Complexation Equilibria: Overview

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Complexation reactions take place when dative or coordinate covalent bonds form between metal ions and ligands. The compounds formed in these reactions are called coordination compounds. The number of bonds formed between the metal ion and the ligands is called its coordination number. Generally, most metal ions in an aqueous solution are solvated by water molecules and thus exist as aqua complexes.
The equilibrium constant of the complexation reaction is represented as the formation constant...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Electrochemical Systems01:24

Electrochemical Systems

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Electrochemical systems provide a fascinating insight into the dynamic interplay of charged species within various phases. One notable example is the interaction between a membrane permeable to K⁺ ions but not to Cl⁻ ions, separating an aqueous KCl solution from pure water. As K⁺ ions diffuse through the membrane, they generate net charges on each phase, leading to a potential difference between them.Similarly, when a piece of Zn is immersed in an aqueous ZnSO₄ solution,...
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Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

1.7K
In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Updated: Apr 25, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Dynamic Interfacial Complexation Engineering Enables Multielectron Ah-Level Halogen Conversion Batteries.

Ruixi Chen1, Kai Fu1, Hongwei Cai1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new dynamic interfacial complexation strategy stabilizes deep iodine conversion in aqueous zinc-iodine batteries. This breakthrough enables high-capacity, long-lasting energy storage using abundant iodine and bromine resources.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Aqueous zinc-iodine batteries offer safe and cost-effective energy storage due to iodine's abundance and rich redox chemistry.
  • Stabilizing deep iodine conversion in static cells is difficult due to high-valent iodine species' susceptibility to dissolution and side reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a dynamic interfacial complexation strategy for stabilizing deep iodine conversion in aqueous Zn-halogen batteries.
  • To enable highly reversible 12-electron iodine conversion with bromine contribution for enhanced energy storage.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of N-butyl-N-methylpiperidinium bromide (BMPBr) as a multifunctional additive in a high-loading iodine cathode.
  • Formation of a dynamic oily interphase by BMP+ self-assembly with polybromide species to stabilize intermediates.
  • Investigation of multistep iodine conversion and bromine contribution in a static aqueous Zn-halogen battery.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a specific capacity of 1937 mAh giodine-1 (647 mAh giodine+bromine) at 20 A giodine-1.
  • Demonstrated a long and flat discharge plateau above 1.0 V vs SHE with 99.0% capacity retention over 8300 cycles.
  • A scaled-up 1.2 Ah pouch cell achieved an areal capacity of 19.4 mAh cm-2, showing practical scalability.

Conclusions:

  • The dynamic interfacial complexation strategy effectively manages complex multielectron halogen chemistries.
  • This approach offers a viable pathway toward high-energy-density aqueous energy storage solutions.
  • The study establishes a robust paradigm for stabilizing deep halogen conversion in static cells.