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Related Concept Videos

Cholecystitis01:20

Cholecystitis

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Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, most commonly caused by obstruction of the cystic duct. This blockage prevents bile from draining, leading to gallbladder distension, inflammation, and potentially serious complications. This condition may present acutely or chronically and can happen with or without gallstones.EtiologyAbout 95% of cholecystitis cases are calculous, caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, leading to bile accumulation and inflammation of the gallbladder...
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Gallbladder01:17

Gallbladder

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The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ that plays a crucial role in our digestive system. Measuring about 10 cm in length, it is comparable in size to a kiwi fruit and is located in a hollow area on the lower surface of the liver. The gallbladder's primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a fluid produced by the liver that aids in digestion.
The gallbladder's anatomy consists of three regions: the fundus, body, and neck. Extending from the neck, the cystic duct joins...
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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Synovial Fluid Analysis to Identify Osteoarthritis
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Gout: one year in review 2026.

Leonardo Punzi1, Chiara Baggio2, Paola Galozzi3

  • 1Centre for Gout & Metabolic Bone and Joint Diseases, Rheumatology, Ospedale Civile S.S. Giovanni e Paolo, Venice, Italy. punzileonardo@gmail.com.

Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology
|April 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Gout management in 2025 advanced with personalized medicine and AI diagnostics. Research highlighted early-onset gout genetics, the gut-kidney axis, and new immunometabolic therapies for gouty arthritis and hyperuricemia.

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Last Updated: Apr 25, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology and Immunology
  • Genetics and Precision Medicine
  • Medical Informatics

Background:

  • Gout understanding evolved significantly in 2025, shifting towards personalized medicine.
  • Multidimensional pathogenetic models are increasingly central to gout research.
  • A growing body of literature highlights advancements in gout management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review scientific literature on gout published in 2025.
  • To highlight key advancements in epidemiology, diagnostics, genetics, and therapeutics.
  • To analyze updated pathogenetic mechanisms and their therapeutic implications.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of scientific literature published in 2025.
  • Analysis of epidemiological trends, diagnostic imaging, and genetic studies.
  • Evaluation of research on the gut-kidney axis, microbiome, immunometabolism, and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Rising incidence of early-onset gout noted, with genetic studies suggesting it as a distinct subset.
  • Artificial intelligence integration into diagnostic imaging shows promise.
  • New insights into the gut-kidney axis and microbiome's role in urate homeostasis were revealed.
  • Updated pathogenetic mechanisms involving immunometabolic reprogramming were examined.

Conclusions:

  • Gout management is increasingly personalized, integrating multidimensional pathogenetic insights.
  • Early-onset gout and the gut-kidney axis represent significant areas for future research.
  • Novel therapeutic strategies targeting immunometabolic pathways offer new hope for gouty arthritis and asymptomatic hyperuricemia.