Biomimetic Janus supramolecular colloidal motors for bioenergy ATP synthesis and storage

Precise control of motion is fundamental to living organisms, enabling the execution of complex behaviours. Although previous supramolecular colloidal motors driven by asymmetrically assembled F_OF₁-ATP synthase have achieved biomimetic motion, their homogeneous surface properties and random enzyme distribution hinder directional propulsion and complicate mechanistic analysis. Here, we present Janus rotary biomolecular motor-powered supramolecular (RBMS) colloidal motors fabricated via a controlled assembly approach. These motors feature a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-gold hemispherical shell on one hemisphere and chromatophore vesicles harboring F_OF₁-ATP synthase on the opposite hemisphere. This asymmetric architecture enables clear distinction of movement direction and integrates multiple functions, including directional motion, anti-biofouling capability, and on-demand ATP synthesis, storage, and release. A sustained and tunable transmembrane proton gradient, generated by a glucose oxidase (GOx)-catalyzed reaction, drives both self-propulsion and internal ATP production. The motors also exhibit positive chemotaxis and allow spatiotemporally controlled ATP release via photothermal effect of the gold layer. By combining directed motility with energy conversion and programmable cargo delivery, this system provides a versatile biomimetic platform for precision biomedical applications.