Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
09:20

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Published on: February 13, 2021

6.1K

Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Heart Failure Society of America Scientific Statement

Jane E Wilcox1, Lars H Lund2, Zachary L Cox3

  • 1Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.

Journal of Cardiac Failure
|April 23, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is a distinct patient group. Evidence guiding HFmrEF treatment is limited, necessitating a clinical framework for care.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Heart Failure Research

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) traditionally classified into reduced (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
  • A third category, HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF, EF 41-49%), was recognized by ESC guidelines.
  • HFmrEF shares traits with both HFrEF and HFpEF, but lacks specific treatment evidence due to limited clinical trials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and pathophysiology of HFmrEF.
  • To propose a clinical framework for managing HFmrEF patients.
  • To address the gap in randomized trial data for HFmrEF.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data.
  • Synthesis of clinical characteristics and pathophysiology.

Main Results:

  • HFmrEF represents a significant patient population with unique features.
  • Existing evidence suggests HFmrEF shares characteristics with both HFrEF and HFpEF.
  • Limited randomized trial data specifically for HFmrEF complicates treatment decisions.

Conclusions:

  • A defined clinical framework is needed for HFmrEF management.
  • Further research and clinical trials focused on HFmrEF are essential.
  • Understanding HFmrEF's distinct profile is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes.

More Related Videos

A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs07:09

A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs

Published on: February 18, 2022

2.2K
Author Spotlight: Exploring the Relationship Between Lipotoxicity and HFpEF03:42

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Relationship Between Lipotoxicity and HFpEF

Published on: March 29, 2024

2.3K

Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...