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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Author Spotlight: Innovative Microneedle-Based Strategies for Enhanced Exosome Delivery and Stability
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Author Spotlight: Innovative Microneedle-Based Strategies for Enhanced Exosome Delivery and Stability

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Emerging and Prospective Engineering Technologies Enabling Microneedle Based Vaccine Therapeutics.

N Ahmad1, N A Jalil1, R Benziane1

  • 1The Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.

AAPS Pharmscitech
|April 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Microneedles (MNs) offer a promising transdermal vaccination method, overcoming metabolism issues for better efficacy and patient compliance. Advanced engineering techniques are crucial for developing these vaccine platforms to combat infections and reduce healthcare burdens.

Keywords:
devicesimmunologymicroneedlestransdermal drug deliveryvaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Microneedles (MNs) are emerging as a viable transdermal drug delivery system, particularly for vaccines.
  • They bypass first-pass metabolism, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance.
  • Various MN types exist, including solid, coated, dissolving, hollow, and hydrogel-forming designs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in engineering microneedle technologies for vaccine delivery.
  • To highlight the adaptability and applicability of these technologies in developing effective vaccine platforms.
  • To discuss the potential of MNs in addressing infectious disease outbreaks and healthcare system strain.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of various fabrication techniques such as micromoulding, 3D printing, aerosol jet printing, and electrohydrodynamic strategies.
  • Adaptation of emerging engineering aspects like 3D printing, laser-based techniques, and electrospray technology for MN vaccine platforms.
  • Review of established engineering platforms like micromoulding for MN vaccine development.

Main Results:

  • Engineering advancements have led to facile MN manufacturing, improved processing, and enhanced mechanical properties.
  • Developed MNs show promise for self-administration, portability, and improved therapeutic efficiency.
  • Emerging technologies are being adapted to create novel MN vaccine platforms with significant potential.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered microneedle technologies represent a significant progression in transdermal vaccine delivery.
  • These advancements are critical for efficient vaccine administration, especially during outbreaks, and for reducing healthcare system strain.
  • Continued development and application of these technologies hold substantial promise for future public health interventions.