Emerging and Prospective Engineering Technologies Enabling Microneedle Based Vaccine Therapeutics

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Nanotechnology
• Vaccinology

Background:

• Microneedles (MNs) are emerging as a viable transdermal drug delivery system, particularly for vaccines.
• They bypass first-pass metabolism, enhancing therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance.
• Various MN types exist, including solid, coated, dissolving, hollow, and hydrogel-forming designs.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advancements in engineering microneedle technologies for vaccine delivery.
• To highlight the adaptability and applicability of these technologies in developing effective vaccine platforms.
• To discuss the potential of MNs in addressing infectious disease outbreaks and healthcare system strain.

Main Methods:

• Exploration of various fabrication techniques such as micromoulding, 3D printing, aerosol jet printing, and electrohydrodynamic strategies.
• Adaptation of emerging engineering aspects like 3D printing, laser-based techniques, and electrospray technology for MN vaccine platforms.
• Review of established engineering platforms like micromoulding for MN vaccine development.

Main Results:

• Engineering advancements have led to facile MN manufacturing, improved processing, and enhanced mechanical properties.
• Developed MNs show promise for self-administration, portability, and improved therapeutic efficiency.
• Emerging technologies are being adapted to create novel MN vaccine platforms with significant potential.

Conclusions:

• Engineered microneedle technologies represent a significant progression in transdermal vaccine delivery.
• These advancements are critical for efficient vaccine administration, especially during outbreaks, and for reducing healthcare system strain.
• Continued development and application of these technologies hold substantial promise for future public health interventions.