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Isolation in Motion: How Riverscapes Shape the Evolution of Plants in Fast-Flowing River Archipelagos.

Ana M Bedoya¹, Emily Sessa^1,2, Adam D Leaché³

¹Center for Biodiversity & Evolution, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, USA.

Molecular Ecology

|April 24, 2026

Summary

River rapids act as islands, shaping evolution in aquatic plants like Marathrum foeniculaceum. River flow and connectivity, not just distance, control gene flow and genetic differences in these unique freshwater habitats.

Keywords:

Podostemaceae gene flow island biogeography multispecies coalescent population structure river capture

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Area of Science:

Evolutionary biology
Freshwater ecology
Island biogeography

Background:

Islands are crucial for studying evolution.
Rapids and waterfalls in rivers create isolated habitats, similar to islands.
The Podostemaceae family of angiosperms inhabits these Neotropical riverine archipelagos.

Purpose of the Study:

To test island biogeography hypotheses in riverine ecosystems.
To investigate gene flow patterns and barriers in the angiosperm Marathrum foeniculaceum.
To understand how river connectivity and flow direction influence genetic variation.

Main Methods:

Whole-genome and plastome data analysis.
Multispecies coalescent with migration model to test gene flow.
Comparison of genetic differentiation across spatial scales and river courses.

Main Results:

Strong genetic differentiation observed among independent river basins.
Isolation-by-distance confirmed, with overland distance being a greater barrier than river distance.
Evidence suggests historical river connections, not frequent overland dispersal, facilitate gene flow.
Seed dispersal is more constrained than pollen dispersal.
Phylogeographic patterns indicate an east-to-west connectivity trend across the Isthmus of Panama.

Conclusions:

River connectivity and flow direction are key factors structuring genetic variation in aquatic angiosperms.
Rapids and waterfalls function as evolutionary islands, with dispersal limitation and water flow driving population differentiation.