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In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Scheduling cool jobs when processing heats them.

Roel Lambers1, Rudi Pendavingh2, Frits C R Spieksma2

  • 1Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

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This study introduces a novel scheduling approach for jobs with temperature constraints, offering efficient solutions for minimizing makespan and sum of completion times on single or multiple machines.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Operations Research
  • Computer Science

Background:

  • Scheduling problems with dynamic job properties present significant computational challenges.
  • Real-world scenarios often involve constraints such as processing-dependent temperature changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop efficient scheduling algorithms for a one-machine problem with linear heating and cooling rates.
  • To address objectives of minimizing makespan and sum of completion times under temperature thresholds and preemption.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of the sum of completion times problem as a linear program.
  • Derivation of structural properties for optimal scheduling.
  • Development of a linear-time algorithm for makespan minimization.

Main Results:

  • A polynomial-time solution is presented for minimizing the sum of completion times, extendable to multiple machines.
  • An O(n) algorithm is developed for minimizing makespan, even with job-dependent heating/cooling rates.
  • Compact solution representation is demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed methods provide efficient and optimal solutions for complex scheduling problems with temperature dynamics.
  • The findings have implications for optimizing processes with time-varying job characteristics and strict operational limits.