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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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The way a set of data is measured is called its level of measurement. Correct statistical procedures depend on a researcher being familiar with levels of measurement. Not every statistical operation can be used with every set of data. For analysis, data are classified into four levels of measurement—nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
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Ratio Level of Measurement00:54

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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
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Relation, Exploitation, or Function? Developing a Measurement Scale and Assessing Perceptions of Non-Profit/Business

Debra Z Basil1, Mary Runté1, Carolina O C Werle2

  • 1University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly
|April 24, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

First-time non-profit organizations (NPOs) seek functional benefits in business partnerships, showing optimism and a potential inclination to engage. However, they may be vulnerable to exploitation by stronger business partners.

Keywords:
business partnershipcause-related marketing (CM; CrM)interorganizational relationships (IOR)non-profit organizations (NPOs)scale development

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Area of Science:

  • Business Strategy
  • Non-profit Management
  • Organizational Behavior

Background:

  • Non-profit organizations (NPOs) increasingly explore business partnerships for sustainability and impact.
  • Understanding NPO perspectives is crucial for fostering successful collaborations.
  • Limited research exists on first-time NPO engagement with for-profit entities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the attitudes and intentions of NPOs engaging in business partnerships for the first time.
  • To identify key perceptions influencing NPO decisions regarding business collaborations.
  • To assess cross-cultural similarities and differences in NPO partnership approaches.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional survey design was employed.
  • Nationally representative samples of NPOs in the United States, Canada, and France were surveyed online.
  • Validated scales were developed to measure NPO perceptions of relational, exploitation avoidance, and functional dimensions of partnerships.

Main Results:

  • NPOs primarily seek concrete, functional benefits from business partnerships.
  • NPOs exhibit optimism, anticipating positive relationships with minimal fear of exploitation.
  • Perception scales demonstrated validity and reliability across the three studied countries.

Conclusions:

  • First-time NPO engagement in business partnerships is driven by a desire for tangible benefits.
  • NPOs' optimistic outlook suggests a readiness to collaborate but highlights potential risks.
  • Future research should explore strategies to mitigate exploitation risks for NPOs in business partnerships.