Nanomaterial-based strategies for oral biofilm management: functionalized implants and targeted delivery systems

Biofilm-associated infections, particularly peri-implantitis, threaten the long-term success of dental implants, and conventional debridement or chemotherapy often fails against mature biofilms. Nanomaterials offer multifunctional strategies to control infection while supporting osseointegration. This mini-review (2015-2025) summarizes nanomaterial-based approaches for managing implant-associated oral biofilms, including passive surface functionalization, active delivery systems, externally triggered therapies, and host-directed osteoimmunomodulation. Their potential should be interpreted in light of evidence maturity, safety-especially for ROS-based modalities-and long-term tribological and manufacturing limitations. We also highlight practical selection by disease stage and host risk, while emphasizing key translational gaps, particularly validation in mixed-species biofilms and long-term biocompatibility.