Perspective: from pathogenesis to treatment in veterinary science through organoid disease modelling

Organoid technology is emerging as a powerful platform for in vitro disease modelling in veterinary research. Although veterinary organoid models have been established across multiple species and organ systems, most studies remain largely descriptive, with a predominant focus on model development rather than disease mechanisms or therapeutic relevance. This Perspective proposes a structured framework to guide the application of organoid models from investigations of disease pathogenesis through to therapeutic discovery. Using a canine epidermal organoid model of atopic dermatitis as an illustrative example, key principles for model complexity selection, pathology-informed characterization, and the integration of functional testing with omics-based discovery are outlined. This framework aims to highlight the mechanistic depth and translational impact of veterinary organoid research.