Microneedle technology in the treatment of ocular diseases: Advances and applications

Microneedle (MN) technology has emerged as a transformative approach for treating ocular diseases, addressing the limitations of conventional drug delivery methods such as low bioavailability and poor patient compliance. This review highlights the advancements and applications of MNs in managing both anterior and posterior segment ocular diseases. MNs overcome physiological barriers, enabling precise, minimally invasive drug delivery with enhanced efficacy. Various MN designs, such as solid, coated, soluble, hollow, hydrogel and cryo-MNs, are tailored for specific therapeutic needs, offering rapid or sustained drug release. Applications include treating keratitis, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, demonstrating improved drug penetration and reduced side effects. Despite challenges in manufacturing and clinical translation, MN technology holds promise for revolutionizing ocular therapeutics through innovations in materials, design, and personalized medicine.