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Related Concept Videos

Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry01:22

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Immunocytochemistry (ICC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are techniques that use antibodies to check for specific proteins or antigens in a sample. The technique was first published by Albert Coons in 1941 to detect the presence of pneumococcal antigen in tissue sections from mice infected with Pneumococcus. Immunocytochemistry helps localization of proteins or antigens in individual cells like blood cells, stem cells, etc., while immunohistochemistry does the same for tissue samples.
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Binding sites linkages can regulate a protein's function.  For example, enzyme activity is often regulated through a feedback mechanism where the end product of the biochemical process serves as an inhibitor.
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Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Collecting Variable-concentration Isothermal Titration Calorimetry Datasets in Order to Determine Binding Mechanisms
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Itaconate modifications: Mechanisms and applications.

Yingyi Yang1,2, Rui Kang1, Huiting Zhou2

  • 1Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.

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|April 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Itaconate, a metabolite from the TCA cycle, regulates immune and inflammatory responses via post-translational modifications. Its derivatives show therapeutic potential in various diseases, highlighting its role in immunometabolism.

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ACOD1Disease pathogenesisInflammationItaconateItaconation

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Area of Science:

  • Immunometabolism
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Itaconate is a mitochondrial metabolite derived from cis-aconitate via aconitate decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1).
  • Itaconate and its derivatives regulate immune and inflammatory signaling through post-translational modifications.
  • These modifications impact key immune regulators and cellular pathways like inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biosynthesis, molecular targets, and post-translational modifications of itaconate.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of itaconate derivatives in preclinical models.
  • To underscore itaconate's role in immunometabolic reprogramming and inflammatory control.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review integrating current insights on itaconate.
  • Analysis of preclinical studies on itaconate derivatives.
  • Discussion of itaconate's biosynthesis, targets, modifications, detection, and translational potential.

Main Results:

  • Itaconate modulates cellular processes via S-itaconation and K-itaconation.
  • Itaconate derivatives demonstrate therapeutic benefits in sepsis, colitis, neurodegeneration, autoimmunity, and cancer.
  • Endogenous itaconate has context-dependent pro-resolving or immunostimulatory effects.

Conclusions:

  • Itaconate is a critical regulator of immunometabolic reprogramming.
  • Itaconate derivatives hold significant therapeutic promise.
  • Further research into itaconate's mechanisms can advance inflammatory disease treatment.