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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Influence of Hybrid Perovskite Fabrication Methods on Film Formation, Electronic Structure, and Solar Cell Performance

Published on: February 27, 2017

Synergistic Bimolecular Passivation Enabling High-Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells.

Afia Owusuah Akyaw^1,2, Hung Van Tran^1,3, Seongrok Shin⁴

¹Photovoltaic Laboratory, Renewable Energy Institute, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34125, Republic of Korea.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|April 24, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new passivation strategy using propane-1,3-diammonium diiodide (PDAI) and (E)-[(4-trifluoromethyl)styryl]phosphonic acid (4TF) significantly boosts perovskite solar cell (PSC) efficiency by reducing defects. This method enhances operational stability and power conversion efficiency (PCE).

Keywords:

complementary passivation energy level alignment perovskite solar cells perovskite/ETL interface

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Renewable Energy
Photovoltaics

Background:

Surface and interfacial defects are major limitations in perovskite solar cell (PSC) power conversion efficiency (PCE) and operational stability.
Existing passivation methods often fail to address both grain boundary and surface-state traps simultaneously.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a sequential bimolecular passivation strategy for inverted PSCs.
To simultaneously mitigate grain boundary and surface-state traps using specific organic molecules.
To optimize the perovskite/electron transport layer (ETL) interface for enhanced performance.

Main Methods:

Sequential passivation using propane-1,3-diammonium diiodide (PDAI) followed by (E)-[(4-trifluoromethyl)styryl]phosphonic acid (4TF).
Characterization of defect mitigation, work function (WF) modification, and morphology.
Fabrication and performance testing of treated PSC devices.

Main Results:

PDAI passivated grain boundary defects and reduced WF to 4.28 eV.
4TF treatment formed a positive surface dipole, increasing WF to 4.54 eV, optimizing band alignment with the C60 ETL.
The dual passivation yielded a compact, pinhole-free morphology, resulting in a champion PCE of 24.6%.

Conclusions:

The sequential PDAI/4TF passivation effectively controls both bulk and surface defects in PSCs.
This strategy optimizes the perovskite/ETL interface, leading to significant improvements in PCE and stability.
Combined defect and dipole control is a promising approach for high-performance perovskite solar cells.