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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

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The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Imaging Cleared Embryonic and Postnatal Hearts at Single-cell Resolution
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Engineered Development: Directed Morphogenesis of an Embryonic Heart Tube.

Joshua R Gershlak1,2,3, Kenji Miki1,2,4, Shoaib A Goraya2,5

  • 1Center for Organ Engineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|April 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel humanized tissue model for studying embryonic heart development and morphogenesis. This engineered cardiac tissue successfully replicated the looping process in vitro, offering new insights into congenital heart defects.

Keywords:
biomechanicscardiac developmentdirected morphogenesisperfusion bioreactorstissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Morphogenesis, the process of organ formation, is complex and challenging to model, especially for hierarchical structural changes.
  • The embryonic heart undergoes intricate morphogenesis, including looping and chamber formation, crucial for developing a four-chambered organ.
  • Understanding congenital heart defects requires better in vitro models of cardiac development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a humanized in vitro model of cardiac morphogenesis, specifically focusing on the looping phase.
  • To investigate the biological effects of directed morphogenesis on engineered embryonic heart tissues.
  • To create a controllable system for studying mechanically induced cardiac reorganization.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of embryonic heart tubes (EHTs) engineered to mimic native anatomy.
  • Utilization of a perfusion bioreactor to guide EHTs through a looping-like process.
  • Analysis of gene expression related to morphogenesis in looped constructs.

Main Results:

  • Engineered heart tissues successfully underwent looping in the bioreactor.
  • Looped tissues fused to form chamber-like structures with ventricular-like geometry.
  • A significant upregulation of morphogenic genes was observed in looped constructs after one week of culture.

Conclusions:

  • A controllable in vitro model of mechanically induced cardiac morphogenetic reorganization was successfully established.
  • This model provides a platform for studying embryonic heart looping and congenital defect generation.
  • The directed morphogenesis approach shows potential for translation to modeling other organ systems with complex spatial reorganization.