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Related Concept Videos

Operons02:09

Operons

43.8K
Prokaryotes can control gene expression through operons—DNA sequences consisting of regulatory elements and clustered, functionally related protein-coding genes. Operons use a single promoter sequence to initiate transcription of a gene cluster (i.e., a group of structural genes) into a single mRNA molecule. The terminator sequence ends transcription. An operator sequence, located between the promoter and structural genes, prohibits the operon’s transcriptional activity if bound by...
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Operons02:09

Operons

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Operon Model01:23

Operon Model

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The operon model represents a fundamental mechanism of gene regulation in prokaryotes, enabling coordinated expression of genes involved in related metabolic or functional pathways. Operons consist of structural genes, a promoter, and an operator, with transcription regulated by repressors, activators, and small effector molecules.Structure and Function of OperonsAn operon is a cluster of structural genes transcribed together under the control of a single promoter. The promoter region...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
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Repressible Operon: trp Operon01:21

Repressible Operon: trp Operon

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The trp operon in Escherichia coli exemplifies a repressible operon. It regulates the synthesis of tryptophan through repressor-mediated transcriptional control and attenuation. This dual regulatory mechanism ensures tryptophan biosynthesis occurs only when needed, conserving cellular resources.Structure of the trp OperonThe trp operon consists of five structural genes (trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA) that encode enzymes for tryptophan biosynthesis. These genes are transcribed as a single...
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Synthetic Biology02:55

Synthetic Biology

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Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology. It involves remodeling existing organisms from nature or constructing completely new synthetic organisms for applications such as protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, value-added macromolecule production, and the addition of desirable traits to crops, to name a few.
Golden rice
Golden rice is a genetically modified...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Genetic Modification of Cyanobacteria by Conjugation Using the CyanoGate Modular Cloning Toolkit
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CyanOperon: An Operon Building Expansion for the CyanoGate MoClo Toolkit.

Michael J Astbury1,2, Alejandra A Schiavon Osorio1,2, Angelo J Victoria1,2

  • 1Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, U.K.

ACS Synthetic Biology
|April 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed CyanOperon, a synthetic biology tool for assembling operons. This system enables coordinated gene expression and accelerates the development of engineered biological systems in bacteria like E. coli and cyanobacteria.

Keywords:
Escherichia coliSynechocystis sp. PCC 6803cyanobacteriaengineering biologypromoterribosome binding site

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Metabolic engineering

Background:

  • Operons are essential for coordinated gene expression in prokaryotes.
  • Existing synthetic biology toolkits can be expanded for complex genetic assembly.
  • Standardized methods are needed to build and express synthetic operons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce CyanOperon, an expanded toolkit for assembling synthetic operons using the MoClo system.
  • To demonstrate the utility of CyanOperon for heterologous gene expression and pathway assembly.
  • To investigate the impact of ribosome binding site (RBS) elements on translation efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the MoClo (Modular Cloning) assembly standard to create synthetic operons.
  • Designed and validated Level 0 and Level 1 vectors for hierarchical assembly of up to six genes.
  • Assembled the violacein biosynthesis pathway and tested RBS variants in E. coli and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.

Main Results:

  • Successfully assembled and expressed synthetic operons using the CyanOperon system.
  • Demonstrated violacein production in E. coli by assembling the relevant biosynthetic pathway.
  • Identified optimal Shine-Dalgarno sequence spacer lengths for translation initiation in both E. coli and Synechocystis.

Conclusions:

  • CyanOperon provides a versatile and modular platform for constructing synthetic operons.
  • The system facilitates standardized assembly and expression of multi-gene pathways.
  • CyanOperon accelerates synthetic biology applications in diverse microbial hosts.