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Shoulder Complex Dysfunction Through an Evolutionary Lens: The Need for Closed Kinetic Chain Loading in Upper

David Luedeka1, Keila Strick1, Nickolas Roche1

  • 1Fried Center for the Advancement of Potential, 5924 Fried Farm Rd, Crozet, VA 22932, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evolutionary mismatch in resistance training may cause shoulder dysfunction. Moderate-load, high-velocity closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercises may protect the rotator cuff and enhance function.

Keywords:
evolutionary biomechanicsevolutionary mismatchresistance trainingrotator cuffshoulder stability

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Biomechanics
  • Exercise physiology

Background:

  • Human shoulder complex evolved for stability and force transmission under closed kinetic chain (CKC) loads.
  • Contemporary resistance training often uses open kinetic chain (OKC) exercises, potentially increasing shoulder strain.
  • This mismatch may contribute to high rates of shoulder dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Examine rotator cuff dysfunction through an evolutionary lens.
  • Translate evolutionary concepts into practical resistance training applications.
  • Propose an evolutionary mismatch hypothesis for overuse shoulder pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Review comparative anatomy and functional biomechanics of human and non-human primate shoulder complexes.
  • Analyze evolutionary pressures shaping the upper extremity.
  • Evaluate contemporary resistance training practices and their impact on shoulder mechanics.

Main Results:

  • Evolutionary pressures favored a shoulder optimized for CKC stability.
  • High-load OKC exercises may exceed the shoulder's evolved structural tolerance.
  • An evolutionary mismatch hypothesis offers a framework for understanding overuse shoulder pathology.

Conclusions:

  • Rotator cuff dysfunction is multifactorial, potentially including an evolutionary mismatch.
  • Moderately loaded, high-volume, high-velocity CKC exercises may be beneficial.
  • Training modifications can enhance rotator cuff integrity and upper extremity function across the lifespan.