Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

5.5K
Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
5.5K
Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

4.6K
The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
4.6K
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

6.1K
The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
6.1K
Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

3.4K
The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi...
3.4K
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

8.9K
The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
8.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effects of Training Load on Sleep Characteristics, Hormonal, and Immune Responses of Adolescent Female Water Polo Athletes.

Pediatric exercise science·2026
Same author

Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation and Repeated Maximal Effort in Elite Swimmers: A Randomized Double-Blind Study.

International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism·2026
Same author

Cyclotrimerization Polymers as Precursors for Tailored Porous Carbons and Application in Supercapacitors.

ChemistryOpen·2026
Same author

Topological metal-insulator transition within the ferromagnetic state.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Surgical Repair as a Reference Standard in Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation: Benchmarks, Not Battles.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology·2026
Same author

The pivotal role of echocardiography in structural heart interventions: from planning to success.

Therapeutic advances in cardiovascular disease·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Activity of Posterior Lateral Line Afferent Neurons during Swimming in Zebrafish
10:34

Activity of Posterior Lateral Line Afferent Neurons during Swimming in Zebrafish

Published on: February 10, 2021

3.2K

Upper Limbs Movement Frequency: Connection to Swimming Performance and Kinematics.

Konstantinos Papadopoulos1, Gavriil G Arsoniadis1,2, Argyris G Toubekis1,2

  • 1Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece.

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
|April 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Competitive swimmers

Keywords:
movement speedstroke rateswimming performance

More Related Videos

Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments
08:45

Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments

Published on: March 28, 2018

10.6K
Swimming Performance Assessment in Fishes
05:12

Swimming Performance Assessment in Fishes

Published on: May 20, 2011

26.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Activity of Posterior Lateral Line Afferent Neurons during Swimming in Zebrafish
10:34

Activity of Posterior Lateral Line Afferent Neurons during Swimming in Zebrafish

Published on: February 10, 2021

3.2K
Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments
08:45

Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments

Published on: March 28, 2018

10.6K
Swimming Performance Assessment in Fishes
05:12

Swimming Performance Assessment in Fishes

Published on: May 20, 2011

26.3K

Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Biomechanics
  • Swimming Performance Analysis

Background:

  • Stroke rate (SR) is crucial for swimming speed and performance.
  • The link between land-based upper-limb movement frequency and in-water SR is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between dry-land upper-limb movement frequency and in-water kinematics.
  • To explore how land-based movements relate to swimming efficiency and speed.

Main Methods:

  • Ten male competitive swimmers performed dry-land arm movement tests (straight-arm and bend-arm conditions) and in-water maximal sprints.
  • Video analysis was used to measure dry-land movement frequency and in-water stroke rate, speed, and length.
  • Data were analyzed to find correlations between land and water-based measurements.

Main Results:

  • No significant relationship was found between dry-land movement frequency and SR during a 50m sprint.
  • The difference between dry-land and in-water SR correlated with stroke index, SR, and speed in progressive speed tests.
  • Dry-land movement frequency (both conditions) showed significant correlations with in-water stroke index, SR, and stroke length during progressive speed tests.

Conclusions:

  • Faster swimmers demonstrate a larger discrepancy between maximum dry-land arm movement frequency and their in-water SR.
  • This difference may indicate a greater capacity for adaptive movement adjustments in water for improved efficiency.
  • The findings suggest potential for using dry-land assessments to infer in-water swimming performance characteristics.