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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Determination of Biofilm Initiation on Virus-infected Cells by Bacteria and Fungi

Determination of Biofilm Initiation on Virus-infected Cells by Bacteria and Fungi

Published on: July 6, 2016

HBV and the Microbiome-PubMed Database Literature Review.

Anna Marija Prince¹, Indra Zeltiņa^2,3, Aigars Reinis⁴

¹Department of Residency (Infectious Diseases), Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.

Infectious Disease Reports

|April 24, 2026

Summary

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection alters the gut microbiome, leading to dysbiosis. While fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotics show potential as HBV therapy adjuncts, further research is essential.

Keywords:

HBV PubMed hepatitis B microbiome

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Last Updated: Apr 25, 2026

Determination of Biofilm Initiation on Virus-infected Cells by Bacteria and Fungi

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Sequencing of Bacterial Microflora in Peripheral Blood: our Experience with HIV-infected Patients

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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

Area of Science:

Hepatology
Microbiology
Virology

Background:

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant global health concern affecting the liver.
The human microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining health and disease.
Emerging evidence suggests a complex interplay between HBV infection and the host microbiome.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and synthesize available literature on the association between HBV and the microbiome.
To explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting the microbiome in HBV management.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive literature search was conducted on the PubMed database.
Keywords included "HBV", "Hepatitis B", and "microbiome".
110 studies were analyzed, encompassing data from 14,814 participants.

Main Results:

HBV infection is associated with significant alterations in the oral and fecal microbiome composition and diversity.
Dysbiosis and decreased microbial diversity are commonly observed in HBV patients compared to healthy controls.
Microbiome changes correlate with HBV disease progression, including HBeAg seroconversion, viral load, liver damage, and hepatocellular carcinoma risk.

Conclusions:

The relationship between HBV and the microbiome is complex and currently presents heterogeneous findings.
While distinct microbiome profiles are observed in HBV patients, further research is needed for definitive conclusions.
Fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotics represent promising adjunctive therapies for HBV, warranting additional investigation.