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Acromegaly and Cardiovascular Disease: Mechanisms, Clinical Impact, and Evolving Management

Marta Araujo-Castro1,2, Pedro Marques3, Luis Miguel Cardoso4

  • 1Endocrinology & Nutrition Department. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal. Madrid, Spain.

Endocrine Reviews
|April 24, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Acromegaly significantly increases cardiovascular disease risk, impacting life expectancy. Early diagnosis and management of heart complications are crucial for improving outcomes in patients with growth hormone excess.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Acromegaly, caused by excess growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1, is linked to severe cardiovascular complications.
  • These complications are a primary cause of reduced life expectancy in acromegaly patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prevalence, mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of cardiovascular complications in acromegaly.
  • To highlight the importance of early recognition and targeted treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review examining cardiovascular disturbances associated with acromegaly.
  • Analysis of the impact of growth hormone and IGF-1 excess on cardiovascular health.
  • Review of diagnostic strategies and therapeutic options.

Main Results:

  • Excess GH and IGF-1 cause structural heart changes, arrhythmias, vascular dysfunction, and traditional risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
  • While acromegaly treatments can reverse some cardiovascular alterations, managing comorbid conditions remains vital for cardiometabolic risk.
  • Advances improve survival, but knowledge gaps persist in preventing/reversing cardiovascular damage.

Conclusions:

  • Multidisciplinary care and individualized risk assessment are essential for managing acromegaly-related cardiovascular disease.
  • Effective management requires addressing both hormonal excess and associated comorbidities.
  • Further research is needed to optimize prevention and treatment strategies.

Keywords:
acromegalycardiovascular diseasecardiovascular risk factorsgrowth hormonemanagementmortality

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