Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 26, 2026
Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery
Published on: August 17, 2022
Utility of direct wave intraoperative neuromonitoring for intramedullary spinal cord tumor resection
Kelly Jiang1, Abdel-Hameed Al-Mistarehi1, Khaled J Zaitoun2
11Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
Objective:
Intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs) are typically treated with maximal safe resection, during which neurosurgeons often monitor for neurological injury using muscle motor evoked potential (mMEP) and direct wave (D-wave) neuromonitoring. The predictive value of changes in D-waves for identifying motor outcomes is underexplored. This study evaluated the utility of D-waves for predicting postoperative motor deficits.
Methods:
Patients who underwent resection of a primary IMSCT with mMEP neuromonitoring from 2003 to 2023 at a tertiary care hospital were identified. Patients who underwent D-wave monitoring in addition to mMEP monitoring were compared to those who underwent mMEP monitoring alone using the Mann-Whitney U-test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of D-wave and mMEP monitoring for identifying new neurological deficits immediately postoperatively and at 1 month, 6 months, and last follow-up were calculated.
Results:
After matching, 125 patients were included (median age 42.0 years; 57.6% male; median follow-up 34.0 months), of whom 88 had both mMEP and D-wave data. The most common pathologies were ependymoma (64.0%) and astrocytoma (17.6%). Patients who did and did not undergo D-wave neuromonitoring had similar preoperative neurological function, primary pathology, tumor grade, and tumor location. D-wave use was associated with increased gross-total resection (88.6% vs 64.9%, p = 0.002) and reduced mortality (5.7% vs 24.3%, p = 0.007), length of stay (5.0 vs 6.0 days, p = 0.033), and 30-day readmission (2.3% vs 13.5%, p = 0.013) and reoperation (1.1% vs 10.8%, p = 0.012). At the 6-month follow-up, D-wave monitoring alone was superior to mMEP and combination monitoring for detecting new motor deficits. D-wave monitoring had peak sensitivity (77.8%) and NPV (96.5%) at 6 months and peak specificity (95.8%) and PPV (76.9%) in the immediate postoperative period.
Conclusions:
D-wave monitoring was associated with reduced mortality and was more accurate than mMEP monitoring alone or combination monitoring for detecting new postoperative neurological deficits. Further prospective studies are needed to validate these results.
