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A logic model for alternative response programs to guide public health research and practice
Paul J Fleming1, Wolfgang V Bahr1, Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein2
1University of Michigan, School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
Social Science & Medicine (1982)
|April 24, 2026
Summary
Alternative response programs offer a public health approach to reduce harms from policing and incarceration. A developed logic model guides the design and evaluation of these unarmed, non-police interventions for improved community health and safety.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Health Equity
- Criminal Justice Reform
Background:
- Policing and incarceration in the U.S. create significant health inequities, particularly impacting marginalized communities.
- Alternative response programs, utilizing unarmed, non-police personnel, are emerging as vital public health strategies.
- These programs aim to mitigate the negative health consequences associated with traditional law enforcement interventions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a logic model for designing and evaluating alternative response programs.
- To identify the mechanisms through which these programs influence health outcomes.
- To provide a framework for understanding alternative response as a public health initiative focused on care and equity.
Main Methods:
- Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 staff members from six alternative response programs.
- A focus group was held with seven expert practitioners and scholars in the field.
- A logic model was developed based on qualitative data analysis to map program components and anticipated outcomes.
Main Results:
- Key pathways identified include connecting residents to services, providing direct care, de-escalating conflict, and reducing criminal legal system involvement.
- The logic model outlines program inputs (staff, funding, partnerships), outputs (care-based responses, outreach), and outcomes (reduced arrests, increased service access, improved health).
- The model demonstrates a clear link between program activities and both short-term and long-term health improvements.
Conclusions:
- Alternative response programs represent a critical public health intervention for promoting health and safety.
- The developed logic model serves as a valuable tool for research, practice, and policy development in this area.
- Investing in community-based, care-focused alternative response models can enhance well-being without perpetuating harm.
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