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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Achalasia01:27

Esophageal Achalasia

35
Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide...
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Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

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Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease01:25

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the backward flow of stomach contents (acid, pepsin, or bile) into the esophagus, causing mucosal inflammation known as esophagitis. It results from failure of antireflux mechanisms, mainly the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), influenced by mechanical and physiological factors.Etiology and Risk FactorsGERD develops when LES function is weakened or when intra-abdominal pressure increases. Risk factors include aging, obesity, and sliding hiatal hernia,...
36
Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

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Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure...
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Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management

1.1K
Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
Healthcare providers should gather a comprehensive medical history and conduct a physical examination for diagnosis. If esophageal stricture is...
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology

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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) involves the recurrent backflow of the stomach or duodenal contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential esophageal mucosal damage. Although GERD is often referred to as a disease, it is more accurately described as a syndrome, as it encompasses a range of symptoms and complications rather than a singular pathological entity, impacting a large number of individuals as the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal problem. Roughly...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
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Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring

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Functional Esophageal Disorders.

C Prakash Gyawali1, Sabine Roman2, Frank Zerbib3

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.

Gastroenterology
|April 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functional esophageal disorders involve complex nerve signaling issues, not just physical problems. Treatments targeting nerve sensitivity and brain processing show promise for managing symptoms like heartburn and chest pain.

Keywords:
Chest PainDysphagiaHeartburnRome V

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Author Spotlight: Investigating the Pathophysiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Functional esophageal disorders (FEDs) present with symptoms like heartburn and dysphagia.
  • These symptoms occur without structural abnormalities or significant gastroesophageal reflux disease.
  • Altered neurobiological processing and visceral hypersensitivity are implicated in symptom generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the complex interplay between physiomechanical factors and neuropsychological processing in FEDs.
  • To evaluate the potential of targeting peripheral sensory inputs and central perception pathways for treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current understanding of FED pathophysiology.
  • Analysis of the role of visceral hypersensitivity and hypervigilance.
  • Assessment of therapeutic strategies and their limitations.

Main Results:

  • FEDs involve a combination of subtle physical issues and altered brain-gut interactions.
  • Visceral hypersensitivity and cognitive factors like hypervigilance significantly contribute to symptoms.
  • Conventional treatments focusing on motor function or reflux have limited efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Modulating peripheral sensory pathways and central perception offers a promising therapeutic avenue for FEDs.
  • Further research into the neurobiological mechanisms of esophageal hypersensitivity is crucial.
  • Developing targeted treatments based on these mechanisms is a key future direction.