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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Radiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a chronic autoimmune condition targeting aquaporin 4 (AQP4) channels.
  • Accurate diagnosis and disease monitoring are crucial for preventing irreversible neurological damage in NMOSD.
  • Cortical imaging was explored due to AQP4 distribution for NMOSD and multiple sclerosis (MS) comparison.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate longitudinal changes in cortical gray matter volumes in NMOSD and MS.
  • To assess the potential of cortical morphometry as a biomarker for differentiating NMOSD from MS.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of MRI scans from 62 individuals (31 NMOSD, 31 MS) with 2-8 time points each.
  • Longitudinal cortical surface-based morphometry and volumetric analysis of gyri and sulci were performed.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with NMOSD exhibited a significant annual decline in 3D cortical gyri volume (-0.0514 mm³/year), unlike MS patients.
  • The rate of cortical gyri volume decline was significantly greater in NMOSD compared to MS (difference of -0.0632 mm³/year).
  • No significant changes in sulci volume were observed in either group, and prior relapses did not correlate with volume changes.

Conclusions:

  • Longitudinal reductions in specific cortical regions can differentiate NMOSD from MS.
  • Cortical morphometry may serve as a valuable tool for detecting subclinical disease activity in NMOSD.