Exosomes: bridge metabolic regulation in cardiac repair

Cardiac repair following cardiovascular diseases relies heavily on coordinated metabolism across different cells. Exosomes, or small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, have emerged as pivotal regulators of the metabolic process. This review offers an introductory exploration of the intricate role played by exosomes in cardiac repair and regeneration. Specific metabolism regulation, including metabolism and immune response alterations, is emphasized and analyzed. Additionally, we explore some innovative engineering strategies for improving the therapeutic potential of exosomes in this field. This article aims to provide an integrated framework of comprehension toward exosomes and metabolism in cardiac repair and pave the way for novel therapy designs for cardiovascular diseases by outlining future directions for clinical translation.