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Related Concept Videos

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral01:25

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

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The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
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Antifungal Agents01:15

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Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to...
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Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

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Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Overview01:22

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Drug administration involves delivering drugs to the body through various routes, such as enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral administration refers to drugs absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. They can be swallowed (perorally), placed under the tongue (sublingually), or on the inner lining of the cheeks (buccally). Perorally administered drugs take time to be absorbed and have a slower onset of action. The rectal route is another form of enteral administration, which allows for...
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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
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Non-intravenous Amphotericin B: A Review of Localized Administration Routes.

Francelise Bridi Cavassin1, Laura Fernanda Rodrigues2, Camila Vitoria Rosa de Souza2

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Non-intravenous (non-IV) administration of Amphotericin B (AmB) offers targeted antifungal therapy, reducing toxicity. Localized delivery optimizes treatment for invasive fungal infections, with nanotechnology showing future promise.

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Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Amphotericin B (AmB) is a key antifungal but causes significant nephrotoxicity.
  • Localized administration aims to improve AmB's therapeutic index by concentrating it at infection sites.
  • Non-intravenous (non-IV) routes are explored as alternatives to systemic delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of non-IV Amphotericin B administration routes.
  • To synthesize evidence on AmB's use as adjuvant or salvage therapy via localized routes.
  • To explore advancements in drug delivery systems for localized AmB therapy.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted.
  • Evidence was integrated from meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials, observational studies, and case series.
  • Localized delivery protocols were evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Various non-IV routes (inhalational, intrathecal, intralesional, etc.) were analyzed, detailing formulations, dosages, and applications.
  • Nanotechnology-based systems (nanoparticles, gels) show potential to enhance bioavailability and overcome limitations.
  • Inhalational prophylaxis has strong evidence, while other routes serve as crucial salvage therapies needing standardization.

Conclusions:

  • Non-IV Amphotericin B administration is a vital clinical strategy for targeted antifungal therapy.
  • The shift to localized delivery signifies evolving approaches in antifungal treatment.
  • Ongoing research into optimized pharmaceutical formulations will expand the potential of localized AmB therapy.