Bioactive 3D-printed PCL-cellulose acetate scaffolds with enhanced mechanical and osteogenic properties

In this study, 3D-printed scaffolds composed of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and PCL reinforced with 20 wt% cellulose acetate (PCLCA20) were fabricated and evaluated for bone tissue engineering applications. A wall-free woodpile architecture was deliberately introduced to promote multidirectional cell infiltration and nutrient diffusion. Material characterization confirmed the preservation of chemical stability and demonstrated increased hydrophilicity and swelling capacity in the composite scaffolds. Mechanical testing revealed that cellulose acetate incorporation significantly enhanced tensile performance while maintaining sufficient compressive stability. Biological assessment showed improved mesenchymal stem cell adhesion, proliferation, and mineralization on PCLCA20 scaffolds compared to PCL, underscoring the bioactive role of cellulose acetate. Collectively, these findings highlight the synergistic contribution of cellulose acetate reinforcement and wall-free architecture, positioning PCLCA20 scaffolds as promising candidates for load-bearing bone regeneration.