Comparative analysis of goat and cow milk-derived extracellular vesicles in protecting against...

Milk-derived extracellular vesicles (mEV) have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity and protective effects on intestinal integrity. However, differences in the regulatory roles of goat mEV (G-mEV) and cow mEV (C-mEV) on intestinal imbalance remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the modulatory effects of C-mEV and G-mEV on LPS-induced intestinal injury and immune dysregulation. We compared the regulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of C-mEV and G-mEV on LPS-induced intestinal inflammation and immune responses. The results demonstrated that G-mEV more effectively alleviated intestinal inflammation and promoted intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) barrier integrity than C-mEV. Additionally, G-mEV significantly remodeled the balance of lamina propria macrophage polarization compared with C-mEV. However, these findings are based on murine models, and further clinical studies are needed to confirm the relevance of these results to human health. In conclusion, G-mEV more effectively maintain gut health than C-mEV, providing a promising direction for the development of EV-based anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies and nutritional supplements for gut health maintenance.