Frontal connectivity dynamics encode contextual information during action preparation

The context in which we perform motor acts shapes our behavior, with movement speed and accuracy modulated by contingent factors, such as the occurrence of cues that trigger or inhibit our actions. This flexibility relies on network interactions encompassing premotor and prefrontal regions, including the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). However, the network dynamics of these regions during action preparation and execution based on contextual demands remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that contextual information is encoded in SMA and right IFG interareal connectivity before action. Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) during Go/No-Go tasks with varying target probabilities, we found that, during the preparatory stages of action, α-band right IFG connectivity increased in contexts where motor responses were more frequently withheld. In contrast, SMA exhibited a reversed pattern only near the target onset. Finally, β-band connectivity encoded proactive inhibition processes, increasing when action likelihood was low. Accordingly, during response implementation, both areas exhibited greater β-band connectivity when action was withheld compared to when a motor response was required, further supporting its role in inhibitory control. Our results demonstrate that α- and β-band oscillatory network dynamics support context-sensitive adaptations, illustrating how premotor and prefrontal regions modulate their interactions over time as they transition from preparation to response. These findings advance understanding of how the brain integrates predictive information to dynamically organize motor and cognitive resources before an action unfolds, revealing that connectivity encodes critical information driving behavior.