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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

109.2K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

12.3K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
12.3K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

2.6K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
2.6K
Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

5.5K
Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
5.5K
Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

1.5K
Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

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Emerging hydrogen spot indices: Price taker or maker?

Chaewon Kim1, Scott M R Mahadeo2, Keiron P Roberts3

  • 1School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, University of Portsmouth, UK.

Journal of Environmental Management
|April 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The study reveals that current hydrogen spot price indices are cost-based, not demand-driven, hindering market transparency and reliability. This impacts the low-carbon hydrogen transition by failing to reflect true market value and customer willingness-to-pay.

Keywords:
EnergyHydrogenPricing mechanismsSpot priceTransparency

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Area of Science:

  • Energy Economics
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • Market Analysis

Background:

  • Hydrogen is crucial for decarbonizing hard-to-abate industries.
  • The low-carbon hydrogen transition necessitates market and trade developments.
  • Academic research has overlooked hydrogen spot trading markets and pricing mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Critically evaluate key hydrogen spot indices.
  • Investigate if indices are market demand-driven, self-regulating, transparent, reliable, and consistent.
  • Analyze pricing methodologies of major price reporting agencies (Argus and S&P Global).

Main Methods:

  • Thematic content analysis of hydrogen spot pricing methodology guides.
  • Comparative evaluation of commonalities and differences in spot indices.

Main Results:

  • Both Argus and S&P Global hydrogen spot indices use a cost-based pricing mechanism.
  • These indices are not market demand-driven and do not capture customer willingness-to-pay.
  • Pricing mechanisms lack transparency, reliability, and consistency, being influenced by policy and subsidies rather than self-regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Current hydrogen spot indices are inadequate for a robust low-carbon hydrogen transition.
  • A novel framework is proposed for understanding and improving hydrogen spot price indices.
  • Future research should focus on developing more market-responsive and transparent pricing mechanisms.