Treg cells as potential therapeutic targets for bullous pemphigoid: A review

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by Bullous pemphigoid antigen 180(BP180) and Bullous pemphigoid antigen 230(BP230) autoantibodies production. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key cells for the maintenance of immune tolerance. Increasing evidence suggests that Treg dysfunction leads to autoantibody production and skin rashes in mice and humans, making immunomodulatory therapies targeting Tregs a potential therapeutic strategy for BP. Low-dose Interleukin-2 treatment and adoptive cell therapy are promising methods to modulate Tregs' numbers and function. Herein, we review the immunological mechanisms underlying BP pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the protective role of Treg cell-mediated immune tolerance in BP. Furthermore, we explore the potential therapeutic applications of Treg-based therapies for BP, providing novel insights into patient management.