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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells
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Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells

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Peripheral Regulatory T Cells Display Dynamic Memory Subset Frequency and Inhibitory Marker Expression Across

Nolawit Mulugeta1,2,3, M Quinn Peters1,2, Cara Tobey1,3

  • 1Center For Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.

American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)
|April 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pregnancy alters T-regulatory cell (Treg) memory populations, decreasing memory cells and ICOS expression while increasing Tim3 expression. Treg suppressive function remained consistent throughout gestation.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Reproductive Immunology
  • Cellular Immunology

Background:

  • Pregnancy involves significant peripheral immune system alterations.
  • Forkhead Box P3+ T-regulatory cells (FoxP3+ Tregs) are crucial for healthy pregnancy outcomes.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding pregnancy-associated changes in FoxP3+ Treg memory subsets and phenotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct memory populations and phenotypic characteristics of FoxP3+ Tregs during pregnancy.
  • To analyze changes in T-cell memory populations and marker expression across different gestational trimesters and delivery.
  • To compare the suppressive capacity of Tregs between early pregnancy and delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study involving pregnant individuals.
  • High-parameter flow cytometry to analyze peripheral blood mononuclear cells at first trimester, second trimester, and delivery.
  • Characterization of memory and phenotypic markers on FoxP3+ Tregs, non-Treg CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells.
  • Assessment of Treg suppressive capacity at different gestational timepoints.

Main Results:

  • Frequency of central and effector memory populations decreased in FoxP3+ Tregs, non-Treg CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells across pregnancy.
  • Inducible T cell Costimulator (ICOS) expression decreased on FoxP3+ Tregs, while T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim3) expression increased on all analyzed T cell subsets.
  • Treg suppressive capacity did not significantly differ between the first trimester and delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Pregnancy is associated with an increase in naive cells within FoxP3+ and non-Treg CD4+ T cell populations.
  • A reduction in ICOS expression and an increase in Tim3 expression across T cell subsets suggest a complex modulation of immune markers during pregnancy.
  • These findings indicate that pregnancy uniquely influences Treg memory distribution and phenotype, impacting peripheral immunity.