Structural basis of the protein kinase PKN1 HR1 domain oligomerization and differential regulation by RhoA and Rac1

The protein kinase C-related kinase (PKN) family of serine/threonine kinases consists of PKN1, PKN2 and PKN3, all of which are Rho family GTPase effectors. PKNs have three N-terminal Homology Region 1 (HR1) domains (HR1a, HR1b and HR1c), which form antiparallel coiled coils, which in two cases interact with Rho family GTPases, activating the kinase. The PKNs are implicated in several important cellular processes, including cytoskeletal regulation, cell adhesion, gene expression and cell cycle progression, and are also implicated in cancer. Here, we have investigated the roles of the HR1 domains in PKN oligomerisation. We show that PKN1 HR1a is a dimer and that the HR1c domain drives further oligomerization. We have mapped the interactions between the HR1 domains and used an integrative approach to model HR1-containing PKN1 dimers. Biophysical analysis shows that RhoA forms a 1:2 complex with HR1a, resulting in a rearrangement of the HR1a dimer, an outcome supported by SAXS models. In contrast, Rac1 binds to monomeric HR1a, suggesting that this GTPase activates PKN1 via a different mechanism. These data provide structural insight into interactions between HR1 domains and the Rho family proteins and their potential consequences for PKN1 activation.