Plant defense: From innate immunity to engineered resistance and immune inducers

Plants employ a variety of immune strategies to resist attacks from pathogens. However, due to the continuous evolution of these pathogens, they still pose a persistent threat to plant health. By integrating engineered plant immunity and plant immunity inducers that activate plant defense responses, we can address this threat. In this review, we introduce the molecular mechanisms behind the two major innate immune systems in plants: PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). We further explore the field of engineered plant immunity, highlighting its potential in designing immune responses and developing disease-resistant crops. In addition, we emphasize the role of plant immune inducers in enhancing the plant immune system. By examining the theoretical foundations of plant innate immunity and summarizing the emerging applications of engineering techniques and inducers, this review aims to contribute to a renewed understanding of plant immune systems and to provide a clearer theoretical basis for the practical application of these approaches in plant protection.