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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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Nasopharyngeal suctioning is a procedure to remove secretions from the upper part of the respiratory tract that the patient cannot clear independently. It helps maintain airway patency and prevents complications such as aspiration pneumonia.
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The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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[Basic Approach : Transsphenoidal Approach (Nasal and Sphenoid Phase)].

Shunya Hanakita1, Hirotaka Hasegawa

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University.

No Shinkei Geka. Neurological Surgery
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery offers a minimally invasive approach for skull base tumors. Mastering nasal and sphenoid anatomy is crucial for safe and effective surgical execution.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Otolaryngology
  • Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery

Background:

  • Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery is a key minimally invasive technique for skull base pathologies, especially pituitary tumors.
  • Technological advancements enhance visualization and navigation, enabling direct transnasal access to the skull base.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive guide to the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach.
  • To detail essential anatomical landmarks and surgical techniques for safe and effective skull base access.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed description of nasal cavity expansion, sphenoid sinus access, and sellar floor opening.
  • Emphasis on key anatomical landmarks: ethmoid sinus lamellar concept, sphenoid ostium, and carotid artery relationships.
  • Guidance on mucosal incision, septal preservation, bone removal, and CSF leak prevention strategies.

Main Results:

  • The approach allows safe and effective access to the sella and adjacent skull base structures.
  • Enhanced intraoperative orientation and safety are achieved through understanding critical anatomical relationships.
  • Standardized techniques facilitate reconstruction and minimize complications like cerebrospinal fluid leakage.

Conclusions:

  • This chapter provides a foundational understanding of endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery.
  • Systematic anatomical knowledge and standardized techniques are vital for surgeons transitioning to advanced skull base procedures.