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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...

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Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

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Published on: June 8, 2016

Multicomponent C-H Activation/Annulation Polymerizations Toward Structurally Regular Polyelectrolytes With

Jiayang Li¹, Haiyan Huang¹, Jun Zhu¹

¹Center for AIE Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials Service Safety, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|April 27, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel polymerization method to create structurally regular heteroaromatic polyelectrolytes, overcoming previous limitations. These new polymers show promise for optoelectronics and possess potent light-activated antimicrobial properties.

Keywords:

C−H activation antibacterial materials conjugated polyelectrolytes multicomponent polymerization

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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

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Published on: February 7, 2017

Area of Science:

Polymer Chemistry
Materials Science
Organic Synthesis

Background:

C-H activation/annulation polymerization (CAAP) is a key method for synthesizing heteroaromatic polyelectrolytes.
Regioisomerization issues with asymmetric monomers limit CAAP's broader application and control over polymer structure.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a one-pot multicomponent CAAP strategy that avoids regioisomerization.
To synthesize structurally well-defined heteroaromatic polyelectrolytes with tunable properties.

Main Methods:

Employed symmetric and monofunctional internal alkynes as comonomers with aromatic dialdehydes and diamines.
Utilized a one-pot multicomponent C-H activation/annulation polymerization (CAAP) strategy.

Main Results:

Successfully synthesized structurally regular polyelectrolytes with high molecular weights (up to 224700 g/mol) and yields (up to 91.2%).
Achieved excellent solubility and tunable photophysical properties, including near-infrared emission.
Demonstrated synergistic photothermal and photodynamic effects for potent light-enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against various bacteria, including drug-resistant strains.

Conclusions:

The developed CAAP strategy precisely synthesizes diverse functional polyelectrolytes, circumventing regioisomerization.
These novel polymers hold significant potential for applications in optoelectronics and as antimicrobial therapeutics.