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Related Concept Videos

Production of Alcohol01:27

Production of Alcohol

Continuous fermentation is a key strategy in industrial ethanol production, particularly when efficiency, scalability, and high yields are essential. This approach allows for uninterrupted operation and optimized resource utilization. The primary feedstock, corn starch, undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis facilitated by α-amylase and glucoamylase. These enzymes break down the starch into fermentable sugars such as glucose, which are readily assimilated by fermentative microorganisms.Fermentation...

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Solid Ethanol as a Renewable, Low-Toxicity, Electron-Beam Direct Write, and Biomedical Material.

Bruno Perdigão1,2, Bingdong Chang1, Gwendoline A E Anand1

  • 1Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

3D ice lithography now uses ethanol to create porous microstructures for biomedical uses. This renewable technique shows excellent biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo, paving the way for new microdevices.

Keywords:
brain machine interfacecross‐linking chemistryice lithographyscaffoldsthermoset polymer

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • 3D ice lithography (3DIL) is an emerging fabrication technique.
  • Existing methods often rely on complex or toxic precursors.
  • There is a need for renewable and biocompatible materials for microdevice fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore ethanol as a renewable precursor for 3DIL.
  • To fabricate intricate porous microstructures for biomedical applications.
  • To evaluate the material properties and biocompatibility of ethanol-derived 3DIL structures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 3D ice lithography (3DIL) with ethanol as the precursor.
  • Performed nanoindentation for mechanical property analysis.
  • Conducted Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for material characterization.
  • Assessed in vitro cell adhesion and proliferation (endothelial cells).
  • Evaluated in vivo biocompatibility through implantation in mouse brains (neurostimulation electrodes).

Main Results:

  • Developed intricate porous microstructures using ethanol via 3DIL.
  • Determined mechanical properties (Young's modulus 2-4 GPa) comparable to biocompatible polymers.
  • Confirmed the material is amorphous carbon, capable of graphitization at 1300°C.
  • Demonstrated excellent in vitro endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation on ethanol scaffolds.
  • Showed no significant in vivo inflammatory response (astrocytic or microglial activation) in mouse brains.
  • Achieved first-time patterning of neurostimulation electrodes and use of transparent substrates with 3DIL.

Conclusions:

  • Ethanol is a viable, renewable precursor for 3DIL in biomedical applications.
  • 3DIL-derived ethanol microstructures exhibit favorable mechanical and biocompatibility profiles.
  • This technique enables the creation of novel microdevices for both in vitro and in vivo use.
  • 3DIL with ethanol offers a versatile platform for advanced microdevice fabrication in biomedical engineering.