[Dynamic assessment of upper airway in obstructive sleep apnea patients with a focus on drug-induced sleep endoscopy]

The key pathophysiological feature of obstructive sleep apnea（OSA） is dynamic collapse of the upper airway during sleep. Polysomnography（PSG） and awake imaging can assess disease severity and anatomical structure, but they are unable to characterize the dynamic process of airway collapse during sleep. Drug-induced sleep endoscopy（DISE） enables direct visualization of the sites and patterns of obstruction and has become an important tool for dynamic upper airway evaluation. However, its application remains limited by issues related to sedation consistency, classification standardization, and insufficient quantitative assessment. In recent years, the integration of DISE with pharyngeal pressure monitoring, airflow analysis, electromyography, and artificial intelligence has continued to evolve, with the potential to improve the standardization and quantification of upper airway evaluation in OSA and to provide support for precision intervention.