Trousseau Syndrome Associated With Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review of Case Reports

Trousseau syndrome is a well-recognized manifestation of cancer-associated hypercoagulability, characterized by recurrent or migratory thrombotic events. Although thrombotic complications have been reported in various malignancies, the clinical characteristics of Trousseau syndrome associated with prostate cancer remain poorly described. This study aimed to systematically review reported cases of prostate cancer-associated Trousseau syndrome and summarize their clinical features. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science to identify relevant reports describing thrombotic events associated with prostate cancer. Full-text case reports and case series providing sufficient clinical details were included. Six cases met the inclusion criteria. The patients' ages ranged from 55 to 87 years. Hypertension and dyslipidemia were the most commonly reported comorbidities. In half of the cases, thrombotic events preceded the diagnosis of prostate cancer. All cases with available staging information had stage IV disease, and reported Gleason scores ranged from 7 to 9. Thrombotic events occurred in diverse vascular territories and involved both the arterial and venous systems, including the carotid arteries, deep veins of the lower extremities, the thoracic aorta, retinal veins, and the internal jugular vein. Anticoagulation therapy, particularly intravenous heparin, was the most commonly reported treatment, although clinical outcomes varied among cases. These findings suggest that Trousseau syndrome associated with prostate cancer tends to occur in advanced disease and may occasionally represent the initial manifestation of malignancy; however, interpretation is limited by the small sample size and heterogeneity of reporting inherent to case-report-based evidence. Clinicians should consider underlying prostate cancer in patients presenting with unexplained thrombotic events, particularly in older men. Further studies are required to clarify the optimal management and prognostic implications of cancer-associated thrombosis in prostate cancer.