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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Gut-Brain Axis01:22

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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Lipid metabolism is a crucial process in the human body that involves the synthesis and degradation of lipids. This process is essential for energy production, cell membrane formation, and hormone production, among other functions.
Lipolysis: The Breakdown of Lipids:
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Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

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PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
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Regulation of Metabolism01:19

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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Regulation of Food Intake01:30

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Related Experiment Video

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Metabolic inflammation at the adipose-brain axis.

Saudina Mateus-Gomes1, Amnah Al-Sayyar1,2, Baptiste Lobey1

  • 1Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.

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Summary

Obesity triggers inflammation and disrupts the blood-brain barrier, impacting brain function and potentially leading to neurodegeneration. Targeting the adipose-brain axis offers therapeutic potential for these conditions.

Keywords:
adipocyteadipokinesbrainneuroinflammationobesity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Obesity is a global health crisis linked to central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction.
  • White adipose tissue (WAT) acts as an endocrine organ, releasing inflammatory mediators during obesity.
  • These peripheral signals affect brain physiology, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and clearance pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how obesity-induced changes in white adipose tissue impact brain function.
  • To explore the role of adipokines in mediating adipose-brain communication.
  • To discuss therapeutic strategies targeting the adipose-brain axis for CNS dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on obesity, adipose tissue, and CNS function.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms by which peripheral signals affect brain interfaces.
  • Examination of the role of specific adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin) in neuroinflammation.

Main Results:

  • Obesity promotes neuroinflammation via BBB disruption, impaired clearance, and glial activation.
  • Adipokines like leptin, adiponectin, and resistin play key roles in linking metabolic stress to neurodegeneration.
  • Sex-dependent vulnerabilities in obesity-associated neuroinflammation are increasingly recognized.

Conclusions:

  • The adipose-brain axis is a critical pathway linking metabolic dysfunction to CNS disorders.
  • Therapeutic interventions targeting this axis, including lifestyle changes and medications, show promise.
  • Further research integrating barrier biology and neuroimmune mechanisms is needed, especially for novel therapies.