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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

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Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
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An aortic aneurysm is a localized outpouching or dilation at a weak point in the artery wall. It may involve different parts of the aorta, such as the abdominal aorta, aortic arch, or thoracic aorta.Etiological factorsSeveral disorders are associated with aortic aneurysms.Congenital causes, such as primary connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome, impact the integrity and strength of connective tissues, notably affecting the aorta. Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that specifically...
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Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through...
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Thoracic, aortic arch and abdominal aneurysms are significant vascular conditions that can present with various clinical manifestations and lead to serious complications. Understanding these manifestations and the appropriate diagnostic studies is essential for effective management and treatment.Thoracic Aortic AneurysmsThoracic aortic aneurysms often remain asymptomatic until they reach a size that impinges on adjacent structures. They typically cause deep, diffuse chest pain that radiates to...
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Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Murine Surgical Model of Topical Elastase Induced Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
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Sub-Tenon Emphysema From Compressed Air Injury in a Patient With Marfan Syndrome.

Adam Beyer Wolf1, Achmed Pircher1

  • 1Department of Surgical Sciences/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, uu.se.

Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Compressed air injuries can cause orbital emphysema, a rare condition. This case highlights sub-Tenon emphysema in a Marfan syndrome patient, occurring without fractures or entry wounds, and resolving with conservative care.

Keywords:
Marfan′s syndromecompressed air injuryorbital emphysemasub-Tenon space

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Trauma Surgery

Background:

  • Compressed air injuries to the eye are uncommon and often linked to orbital fractures or visible wounds.
  • Marfan syndrome can predispose individuals to certain connective tissue vulnerabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a unique case of orbital emphysema confined to the sub-Tenon space.
  • To illustrate the anatomical boundaries of the sub-Tenon space in vivo following trauma.
  • To discuss the mechanism of injury in a patient with Marfan syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a 16-year-old male with Marfan syndrome.
  • Clinical examination to assess the subconjunctival air pocket.
  • Computed tomography (CT) scan to evaluate intraorbital air and rule out fractures or sinus communication.

Main Results:

  • A well-demarcated subconjunctival air pocket was observed, located posterior to the limbus.
  • CT confirmed localized intraorbital air within the sub-Tenon space, without evidence of fracture or sinus involvement.
  • The patient experienced spontaneous resolution with conservative management.

Conclusions:

  • This case documents localized sub-Tenon emphysema following compressed air injury.
  • Microscopic tissue disruption and dissection along Tenon's capsule is a plausible mechanism.
  • The findings illustrate the in vivo anatomical confines of the sub-Tenon space.